Nepali

Nepali
Description

Nepali 

Swagatam – Welcome

Nepali, a member of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family, is a macrolanguage spoken by 12,300,000 in Nepal (2011 census), 2,870,000 In India (2001 census), and 156,000 in Bhutan. The worldwide population of Nepali speakers is estimated at 15,360,100. The language is also called Eastern Pahadi, Gorkhali, Gurkhali, Khaskura, Nepalese, and Parbate.

Status
  • Nepal
    Nepali is the national language of Nepal. Most of the country’s population speaks Nepali as a 1st language, and many speakers of Nepal’s 122 other languages speak it as a 2nd language.
  • India
    Nepali is the official language of Sikkim, an Indian state in the Himalayas, and in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal.

Ethnologue lists 12 dialects of Nepali, not all of which are mutually intelligible.

Acchami Dialekhi
Baitadeli Darhulai
Bajhangi Gandakeli
Bajurali Humli
Bheri Purbeli
Dadelhuri Soradi

 

Structure

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Sound system

The sound system of Nepali shares many features with other Indo-Aryan languages.

Vowels
Nepali has 6 oral vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that make a difference in word meaning. Most of them have nasal counterparts. There is also a number of diphthongs.

 
Front
Central
Back
Close
i
 
u
Mid
e
ə
o
Open  
a
 
  • /i/ = ea in peat
  • /e/ = e in pet
  • /ə/ = a in ago
  • /a/ = a in bar
  • /u/ = oo in too
  • /o/ = o in token

 

Consonants
The consonant system of Nepali is typical of IndoAryan languages. The language permits few consonant clusters.

   
Bilabial
Alveodental
Retroflex
Post-alveolar/ palatal
Velar
Glottal
Stops unaspirated voiceless  p
t
ʈ
   k  
aspirated voiceless
ʈʰ
 
 
unaspirated voiced  b  d
ɖ
   g  
aspirated voiced
ɖʰ
 
 
Fricatives voiceless    s  
ʃ
  ɦ
Affricates unaspirated voiceless      
   
aspirated voiceless      
tʃʰ
   
unaspirated voiced      
   
aspirated voiced      
dʒʰ
   
Nasals      
..ɳ
ɲ
ŋ
 
Laterals      
.ɭ
     
Flap or trill      
ɽ
     
Approximant  
ʋ
     j    
  • There is a contrast between aspirated and unaspirated stops and affricates, including voiced ones, e.g., p—pʰ, t—tʰ, k—kʰ, b—bʰ, d—dʰ, g—gʰ, tʃ—tʃʰ, dʒ —dʒʰ. Aspirated consonants are produced with a strong puff of air.
  • There is a contrast between apical and retroflex consonants, e.g., /t/ – /ʈ/, /d/ – /ɖ/, /n/ – /ɳ/, /r/ – /ɽ/. Apical consonants are produced with the tip of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth, whereas retroflex consonants are produced with the tongue curled, so that its underside comes in contact with the roof of the mouth.
  • /ʃ/ = sh in shop
  • /tʃ/ = ch in chop
  • /dʒ/ = j in job
  • /ɲ/ = ny in canyon
  • /ŋ/ =first n in song
  • /ɭ/ has no equivalent in English
  • /ʋ/ is realized as /w/ or /v/.
  • /j/ = y in yet

 

Grammar

Nepali grammar shares many of its features with the grammars of other Indo-Aryan languages. Like all these languages, Nepali is agglutinative, i.e., it adds suffixes to roots to build words and to express grammatical relations. It also uses inflections for marking certain grammatical categories.

Nouns 
Nepali nouns have the following major characteristics.

  • There are two numbers: singular and plural. Plural is marked by a plural marker which is not used if plurality is clear from the context.
  • There is a gender distinction, particularly for animate nouns.
  • There are two cases: nominative and oblique.
  • There is a strong system of classifiers, or counters, which are used when nouns are counted.
  • There is a well-developed system of honorifics.

 

Adjectives

There are declinable and indeclinable adjectives. Declinable adjectives are marked for agreement with the noun they modify, whereas indeclinable adjectives do not change their form.

 Pronouns

  • Nepali pronouns have three persons. Third-person pronouns are subdivided into proximal and distal. Proximal pronouns indicate someone who is nearby or present. Distal  pronouns indicate someone who is distant or absent.
  • Pronouns do not distinguish gender.
  • Nepali has an elaborate system of pronouns, expressing various levels of politeness, depending on the gender, number, distance, and status of the referent.
 
3rd person pronouns
2nd person pronouns
Low grade Person is not present or is of low status. used to address small children, animals and pejoratively
Middle grade Person is a woman. used to address people who are youngr or of lower status than the speaker
High grade Person is present or is of high status. used to address people who are older or of higher status than the speaker

There is an additional form for extremely formal situations. There is also a polite form of address.

Postpositions

Nepali uses a number of postpositions which have case-like functions. They take the form of affixes attached to an entire phrase, rather than a single noun, e.g., possessive, ergative in the past tense, instrumental, and one which marks the accusative of animate nouns, etc. There are other postpositions that perform the function of prepositions.

Verbs
Nepali verbs have the following major characteristics:

Verbs agree with their subjects in number, gender, status and person.
Verbs occur in the following forms: root, imperfect stem, perfect stem, and infinitive. The stems agree with nouns in gender and number.
There are three persons: 1st, 2nd, 2nd honorific, 3rd.
There are two numbers: singular and plural.
There are three tenses: present, past, future.
There are two aspects: imperfective and perfective.
There are three moods: indicative, imperative, optative.
There are two voices: active and passive.

Word order

The normal word order in Nepali is Subject – Object – Verb.

Vocabulary

The basic vocabulary of Nepali is Sanskrit in origin, but over the years the language has also borrowed words from other languages. Nepali is more conservative than other Indo-Aryan languages, borrowing fewer words from other languages and using more words derived from Sanskrit. While written Nepali is mostly influenced by Sanskrit, spoken Nepali has many loanwords from neighboring Tibeto-Burmese languages.

Below are a few words and basic phrases in Nepali.

Hello Namastē
Goodbye Bidā’i
Thank you Dhan’yavāda
Please Kr̥payā
Yes
No Hoēna
Man Manisā
Woman Mahilā

Below are Nepali numerals in transliteration.

1
 
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ek
dui
tin
char
pānch
cha
sāt
āt
nau
das

 

 

Writing

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Nepali was first used in writing during the 12th century AD.  It is written with the Devanagari alphabet, which developed from the Brāhmi script in the 11th century AD.

Take a look at Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Nepali in the Devanagari script.

धारा १
सबै व्यक्ति हरू जन्मजात स्वतन्त्र हुन ती सबैको समान अधिकार र महत्व छ। निजहरूमा विचार शक्ति र सद्धिचार भएकोले निजहरूले आपसमा भातृत्वको भावना बाट व्यवहार गर्नु पर्छ।
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
  1. मातृभाषामा शिक्षा

    माताको दूध शिशुलाई शिक्षा मातृभाषामा,

    प्रभाव पर्छ सृस्‍टिलाई प्रकाशको गतिमा।…. यी माथिका हरफ मेघालय शिलोंगका नेपालीभाषी पुस्तक ब्यबसायी श्री बिष्णु गौतमले बिगत ५ वर्ष देखि जोड तोडका साथ प्रचार प्रसार गर्दै आएका छन् । उनले प्रकाशन गरेका पुस्तक, बिजक, लेटर प्याड, पुस्तक सुची जताततै यी हरफ देख्न पाइन्छ । नेपाली, अंग्रेजी, खासी र बंगाली भाषामा लेखिएका यी हरफले मातृभाषाको शक्तिले सृष्टिको रक्षा र यस सुन्दर बहुरंगी विश्व-बाटिकालाइ द्रुत गतिमा सुमुन्नत बनाउन टेवा मिल्ने संदेश दिन्छ ।.

    जन्मेपछि सम्बाद गर्न सिकेको पहिलो भाषा नै मानिसको मातृभाषा हो । संसारमा ज्ञान, सोच र कल्पनाको बहुरंगी विविधता कायम राख्न पनि मातृभाषालाइ बचाईराख्न र विकास गर्न जरुरि छ । मातृभाषामा दिइने शिक्षाले सम्बन्धित भाषा त्यसको लिपि, जातीय संस्कार र संस्कृतिको विकास तथा समाजमा उत्प्रेरणा र चेतनाको अभिवृद्धि हुन्छ । यदि कुनै भाषा लोप भएर गयो भने त्यस जतिको संस्कृति पनि लोप भएर जान्छ । संस्कृतिक सम्वृद्धिमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो योगदान भाषाको नै हुन्छ । मातृभाषामा दिइने अभिव्यक्ति सबैभन्दा परिपूर्ण र सहज हुन्छ । यदि मातृभाषा सम्पन्न भयनन भने संसारमा धेरै कारोबार हुने सम्पर्क भाषाको अवस्था पनि खोक्रो हुन जानेछ । ससाना हजारौ मातृभाषाका कारणले नै संसारका सम्पर्क भाषा सम्पन्न र हराभरा भएका हुन् । यदि कारोबारी भाषामा लिप्त भएर मातृभाषाको लोप भयो भने ज्ञान बिज्ञानको संसार उराठिलो मरुभूमि जस्तो बन्ने छ । त्यसैले शिक्षा मातृभाषामै हुनु पर्छ । मातृभाषा मानिसको मौलिक ज्ञान, शिप सृजनाको खजाना हो । यस्तो महत्वपूर्ण खजानाको रक्षामा ध्यान नदिएर क्षणिक लाभको निम्ति कारोबारमा चलेका भाषामा मात्र लिप्त हुनु समाजको भविस्य माथि गरेको बेइमानी र बाल अधिकारको हनन हो ।.

    प्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार रवीन्द्रनाथ टैगोरले भनेका छन्, ‘मातृभाषामा शिक्षा पाउनु मानिसको जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार हो । हामी जसरी आमाको कोखमा जन्मेका हौं त्यसैगरी मातृभाषा पनि हाम्रो कोख हो । यी दुवै आमा हाम्रालागि सधैं सजीव र अपरिहार्य छन् ।’ उनले मातृभाषाको महत्त्वलाई बुझे र बुझाउने कोसिस गरे । प्रसिद्ध राजनीतिज्ञ नेलसन मण्डेलाले भनेका छन्- इफ यू स्पिक टु अ म्यान इन अ ल्याङ्वेज ही अन्डरस्ट्यान्डस, इट गोज् टु हिज माइन्ड बट इफ यू स्पिक इन हिज ल्याङ्वेज इट गोज टु हिज हर्ट । यदि कसैसँग उसले बुझ्ने भाषामा कुरा गर्नुभयो भने त्यो कुरा उसको दिमागमा मात्र पुग्छ । यदि उसको मातृभाषामा भन्नुभयो भने मुटुसम्म पुग्छ । मण्डेलाले मातृभाषाको द्रुत असरलाई प्रस्ट्याए ।.

    संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको अध्ययनअनुसार यतिबेला कारोबारमा नचलेका करिब ५३०० मातृभाषा संकटमा परेका छन् । शिक्षामा मातृभाषाको महत्त्वलाई नजरअन्दाज गरेर अबको शिक्षानीति बनाइयो भने सामाजिक र राष्ट्रिय मात्र होइन मानव जातिकै अस्तित्व संकटमा आउन सक्ने स्थिति बन्नेछ । संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघमा सन् १९९९ बाट यस मुद्दाले स्थान पाइसकेको छ । अब यसलाई संसारभरि उपयुक्त कार्यान्वयनको खाँचो छ ।.
    _____________________________________________________________________________________

  1. माताको दूध शिशुलाई शिक्षा मातृभाषामा,

    प्रभाव पर्छ सृस्‍टिलाई प्रकाशको गतिमा।…. यी माथिका हरफ मेघालय शिलोंगका नेपालीभाषी पुस्तक ब्यबसायी श्री बिष्णु गौतमले बिगत ५ वर्ष देखि जोड तोडका साथ प्रचार प्रसार गर्दै आएका छन् । उनले प्रकाशन गरेका पुस्तक, बिजक, लेटर प्याड, पुस्तक सुची जताततै यी हरफ देख्न पाइन्छ । नेपाली, अंग्रेजी, खासी र बंगाली भाषामा लेखिएका यी हरफले मातृभाषाको शक्तिले सृष्टिको रक्षा र यस सुन्दर बहुरंगी विश्व-बाटिकालाइ द्रुत गतिमा सुमुन्नत बनाउन टेवा मिल्ने संदेश दिन्छ ।.

    जन्मेपछि सम्बाद गर्न सिकेको पहिलो भाषा नै मानिसको मातृभाषा हो । संसारमा ज्ञान, सोच र कल्पनाको बहुरंगी विविधता कायम राख्न पनि मातृभाषालाइ बचाईराख्न र विकास गर्न जरुरि छ । मातृभाषामा दिइने शिक्षाले सम्बन्धित भाषा त्यसको लिपि, जातीय संस्कार र संस्कृतिको विकास तथा समाजमा उत्प्रेरणा र चेतनाको अभिवृद्धि हुन्छ । यदि कुनै भाषा लोप भएर गयो भने त्यस जतिको संस्कृति पनि लोप भएर जान्छ । संस्कृतिक सम्वृद्धिमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो योगदान भाषाको नै हुन्छ । मातृभाषामा दिइने अभिव्यक्ति सबैभन्दा परिपूर्ण र सहज हुन्छ । यदि मातृभाषा सम्पन्न भयनन भने संसारमा धेरै कारोबार हुने सम्पर्क भाषाको अवस्था पनि खोक्रो हुन जानेछ । ससाना हजारौ मातृभाषाका कारणले नै संसारका सम्पर्क भाषा सम्पन्न र हराभरा भएका हुन् । यदि कारोबारी भाषामा लिप्त भएर मातृभाषाको लोप भयो भने ज्ञान बिज्ञानको संसार उराठिलो मरुभूमि जस्तो बन्ने छ । त्यसैले शिक्षा मातृभाषामै हुनु पर्छ । मातृभाषा मानिसको मौलिक ज्ञान, शिप सृजनाको खजाना हो । यस्तो महत्वपूर्ण खजानाको रक्षामा ध्यान नदिएर क्षणिक लाभको निम्ति कारोबारमा चलेका भाषामा मात्र लिप्त हुनु समाजको भविस्य माथि गरेको बेइमानी र बाल अधिकारको हनन हो ।.

    प्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार रवीन्द्रनाथ टैगोरले भनेका छन्, ‘मातृभाषामा शिक्षा पाउनु मानिसको जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार हो । हामी जसरी आमाको कोखमा जन्मेका हौं त्यसैगरी मातृभाषा पनि हाम्रो कोख हो । यी दुवै आमा हाम्रालागि सधैं सजीव र अपरिहार्य छन् ।’ उनले मातृभाषाको महत्त्वलाई बुझे र बुझाउने कोसिस गरे । प्रसिद्ध राजनीतिज्ञ नेलसन मण्डेलाले भनेका छन्- इफ यू स्पिक टु अ म्यान इन अ ल्याङ्वेज ही अन्डरस्ट्यान्डस, इट गोज् टु हिज माइन्ड बट इफ यू स्पिक इन हिज ल्याङ्वेज इट गोज टु हिज हर्ट । यदि कसैसँग उसले बुझ्ने भाषामा कुरा गर्नुभयो भने त्यो कुरा उसको दिमागमा मात्र पुग्छ । यदि उसको मातृभाषामा भन्नुभयो भने मुटुसम्म पुग्छ । मण्डेलाले मातृभाषाको द्रुत असरलाई प्रस्ट्याए ।.

    संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको अध्ययनअनुसार यतिबेला कारोबारमा नचलेका करिब ५३०० मातृभाषा संकटमा परेका छन् । शिक्षामा मातृभाषाको महत्त्वलाई नजरअन्दाज गरेर अबको शिक्षानीति बनाइयो भने सामाजिक र राष्ट्रिय मात्र होइन मानव जातिकै अस्तित्व संकटमा आउन सक्ने स्थिति बन्नेछ । संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघमा सन् १९९९ बाट यस मुद्दाले स्थान पाइसकेको छ । अब यसलाई संसारभरि उपयुक्त कार्यान्वयनको खाँचो छ ।.
    _____________________________________________________________________________________

    सर्व शिक्षा मातृभाषामा नहुनु सुक्षम गतिमा दास हुनु हो |

    बग्ने पानी पुग्दैन वर्षा नै चाईन्छ, सुसम्पन्न समाज बनाउन सर्व मातृभाषा मा शिक्षा चाईन्छ

     

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Change your keyboard layout

  1. Swipe in from the right edge of the screen, tap Settings, and then tap Change PC settings. (If you're using a mouse, point to the lower-right corner of the screen, move the mouse pointer up, click Settings, and then click Change PC settings.)
  2. Tap or click Time and language, and then tap or click Region and language, and then tap or click Add a language.
  3. Browse for the language you want, and then tap or click it to add it to your language list.

Download and install a language pack

  1. Swipe in from the right edge of the screen, tap Settings, and then tap Change PC settings. (If you're using a mouse, point to the lower-right corner of the screen, move the mouse pointer up, click Settings, and then click Change PC settings.)
  2. Tap or click Time and language, and then tap or click Region and language.
  3. If the language says Language pack available, tap or click Options. Note: If you don't see Language pack available, you might be able to download the language pack at the Download Center.
  4. Tap or click Download. The download process might take a while, depending on your PC and the size of the language pack. 

Set a language as your primary language

  1. Swipe in from the right edge of the screen, tap Settings, and then tap Change PC settings. (If you're using a mouse, point to the lower-right corner of the screen, move the mouse pointer up, click Settings, and then click Change PC settings.)
  2. Tap or click Time and language, and then tap or click Region and language.
  3. Tap or click the language that you want to see Windows in, and then tap or click Set as primary. The Will be display language after next sign-inmessage will appear under the language.
  4. Tap or click Set as primary to move the language to the top of the list. If the language can become your Windows display language, you'll see Will be display language after next sign-in appear under the language.
  5. Sign out of Windows, and then sign back in. When you change your primary language, your keyboard layout might also change. When signing back in to Windows, make sure you're using the right keyboard layout for entering your password. Otherwise, you might not be able to sign in. You can change your keyboard layout on the sign-in screen by tapping or clicking the language abbreviation button in the lower-right corner.

Change the keyboard layout or other method you use to type

Whenever you add a language, a keyboard layout or input method is added so you can enter text in the language. If you want to use a different keyboard layout or input method, you can add a new one or switch between the ones you have. Add a keyboard layout or input method for a language

  1. Swipe in from the right edge of the screen, tap Settings, and then tap Change PC settings. (If you're using a mouse, point to the lower-right corner of the screen, move the mouse pointer up, click Settings, and then click Change PC settings.)
  2. Tap or click Time and language, and then tap or click Region and language.
  3. Tap or click the language you want to add a keyboard to, and then tap or click Options.
  4. Tap or click Add a keyboard, browse the input method list for the one you want to use, and then tap or click it.

Switch between keyboard layouts or input methods You can enter text with different keyboard layouts or input methods by switching between them. There are a few different ways to switch between keyboard layouts or input methods:

Change the default keyboard layout or input method

Windows Install or change a display language

You can change the language Windows uses to display text in wizards, dialog boxes, menus, and other items in the user interface. Some display languages are installed by default, while others require you to install additional language files.
Hide all To install a display language To install a Language Interface Pack (LIP), double-click the file to open the setup program. To install a language pack, follow these steps:
  1. Open Region and Language by clicking the Start button  , clicking Control Panel, clicking Clock, Language, and Region, and then clicking Region and Language.
  2. Click the Keyboards and Languages tab.
  3. Under Display language, click Install/uninstall languages, and then follow the steps. If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation. Note: The Display language section will be visible only if you have already installed a Language Interface Pack or if your edition of Windows supports a language pack. Language packs are available only in Windows 7 Ultimate and Windows 7 Enterprise.  To change your display language When you change the display language, the text in menus and dialog boxes for some programs might not be in the language that you want. This happens because the program might not support Unicode. 
  1. Open Region and Language by clicking the Start button  , clicking Control Panel, clicking Clock, Language, and Region, and then clicking Region and Language.
  2. Click the Keyboards and Languages tab.
  3. Under Display language, choose a language from the list, and then click OK. Note: If you don't see the list of display languages, you need to install additional language files. 

Change your keyboard layout

  1. On the Language bar, click the Input language button, and then select an input language.   
  2. Click the Keyboard layout button, and then select a keyboard layout.
Note: If you don't see the Language bar, right-click the taskbar, point to Toolbars, and then click Language bar. To change the keyboard layout on the Welcome screen On the Welcome screen, click the Keyboard layout button, and then select a keyboard layout. Note: If you don't see the Keyboard layout button, you might not have more than one input language, or your regional and language settings might not be applied to reserved accounts.